This research investigated the factors affecting food production in Thika Sub-County, Kiambu County, Kenya, with a focus on identifying challenges and proposing solutions for sustainable agricultural practices. The study aimed to examine the effects of farming methods, soil fertility, capital availability, and population size on food production in the region. The research adopted a mixed-methods design, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Primary data were collected from a target population of 293 farmers and key stakeholders in Thika Sub-County through structured questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions. Stratified random sampling ensured diverse representation. The sample size was calculated using Yamane’s formula. Data analysis involved statistical regression models to assess relationships between variables, and thematic analysis was applied to qualitative responses. Key findings revealed that traditional farming methods yielded more consistent results compared to modern methods, which were perceived as costlier with variable outputs. Soil fertility was a significant determinant of crop productivity, with respondents emphasizing the need for balanced fertilizer application and sustainable land management practices. Access to financial capital and technology influenced the adoption of advanced farming techniques, while population growth posed both opportunities and challenges by increasing Labor availability and resource demands. The study recommends the promotion of modern, efficient farming methods through government subsidies, farmer training programs, and financial support. Policies should encourage sustainable land use and the adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices. Enhancing access to affordable farming inputs and credit facilities is crucial for improving productivity. This research contributes to the understanding of the interplay of socio-economic, environmental, and technological factors in food production and offers practical recommendations for achieving sustainable agricultural development in Thika Sub County and similar contexts